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新東方酷學(xué)酷玩夏令營介紹在英語學(xué)習(xí)中直接引語變間接引語法則。

     新東方酷學(xué)酷玩夏令營介紹，引用別人的話有兩種方式，一種是直接引語（講述別人的原話并把它放在引號里）；另一種是間接引語（用自己的話來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，并且不能用引號）。直接引語和間接引語之間可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。本文總結(jié)了直接引語變間接引語的變化法則。
      1、人稱代詞的變化
      直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，人稱代詞要根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述人的立場作相應(yīng)變動。人稱代詞的變動情況要根據(jù)語境及轉(zhuǎn)述人的不同作相應(yīng)變化，一般情況下，與漢語中的變化相同�？捎涀∫粋�口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。即第一人稱按照主句中的主語變化，第二人稱按照主句中的賓語變化，第三人稱一般不需要變化。
例如：1) he said, “i am glad to see you.” → he said that he was glad to see me.
2) “do you know the man over there?” mary said to tom. → mary asked tom if he knew the man over there.
3) jim said to me, “jane left her schoolbag at home.” → jim told me that jane had left her schoolbag at home.
      2、動詞時態(tài)的變化
      1）當(dāng)引述的動詞為現(xiàn)在時形式時，間接引語中的動詞時態(tài)不變。
例如：tom says, “our teacher is kind to us.”  → tom says that their teacher is kind to them.
      2）當(dāng)引述的動詞為過去時形式時，間接引語中的動詞作如下變更：
      一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時 過去進行時→不變
      一般過去時→過去完成時 將來進行時→過去將來進行時
      一般將來時→過去將來時 現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時
      現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時 過去完成時→不變
      如果所轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容表示客觀真理或有表示某一絕對具體的過去時間作狀語，間接引語中動詞的時態(tài)不變。
例如：the teacher said, “the earth is round.” → the teacher said that the earth is round.
he said, “i was born in 1980.” → he said that he was born in 1980.
      3、常用詞匯的變化
      直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和表示“方向”動詞的變化。如“this → that, these → those; now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next (following) day, next week → the next week, yesterday → the day before, last night → the night before, ago → before; here → there; come → go.
      注意：如果在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述， here不必改為there, 動詞come不必改為 go； 如果在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday，tomorrow等時間狀語也不必改變。
例如：kate said, “i will come here tomorrow to help these children with their english.” → kate said that she would go there the next day to help those children with their english.（不是在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述）→kate said that she will come here tomorrow to help these children with their english.（在當(dāng)天當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述）
      4、時態(tài)變化
      1）當(dāng)直接引語是陳述句時
      直接引語是陳述句時，間接引語用that引導(dǎo)，但在口語中that可以省去。從句中的人稱、時態(tài)、指示代詞、時間狀語和地點狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。
例如：she said to me, “i came back an hour ago.” → she said to/told me that she had come back an hour before.
      2）當(dāng)直接引語是一般疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句時
      a 原句若為一般疑問句時，用whether或if 轉(zhuǎn)述；原句若為選擇疑問句時，用whether…or…/…or not；原句若為反意疑問句，則常用whether或if 轉(zhuǎn)述。疑問句語序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序。主句中的謂語動詞為said時，要改為asked；沒有間接賓語時，可以加一個間接賓語（如me，him等）。句末用句號。
      b 當(dāng)直接引語是特殊疑問句。如果直接引語是特殊疑問句，改為間接引語時，仍用原句中的wh-類的詞引導(dǎo)，其余的變化同直接引語為一般疑問句的情況2—5條一樣。
例如：“what is your name?” he asked me. → he asked me what my name was.
如果在直接引語的特殊疑問句中，疑問詞作主語或主語的修飾語，則語序不需要變化。
例如：“whose picture is the most beautiful in your class?” asked the boy’s father. →the boy’s father asked him whose picture was the most beautiful in his class.
     3）當(dāng)直接引語是祈使句時
     直接引語為祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語可用如下的結(jié)構(gòu)“主語+asked/advised sb. (not) to do sth.”。
     需將原祈使句中謂語動詞變成不定式。如果祈使句為否定句，則用不定式的否定形式，即在不定式前加not。原主句謂語動詞said須改為asked，told，ordered，warned或advised等含有祈使意義的能帶賓補的及物動詞。原句有“please”時，主句謂語多用asked（請求），并去掉please。
例如：he said to me, “shut the window, please.” →he asked me to shut the window.
      4）直接引語是感嘆句時
      直接引語是感嘆句變間接引語時仍可用what或how引導(dǎo)，詞序不變，也可用that 引導(dǎo)，將句子變成相應(yīng)的名詞性從句。
例如：she said, “what a lovely day it is!” →she said what a lovely day it was.